History of America Mirrored in American Literature

The history of America is mirrored in American Literature. The American dream, the idea of equality and being able to achieve anything you wanted, meant that millions of immigrants moved to America. America claims to be a country which enables everyone to have equality and freedom however in the texts we can see it is rather a Capitalist and individualist country. The paradox of America can be seen through the fact that the Statue called freedom was built by slaves. The inequality can also be seen through the experience of individuals such as Abraham Lincoln who was assassinated for trying to abolish slavery. The reflection of America through texts such as ‘The Great Gatsby’, ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and the poems of Sylvia Plath shows the tragic face of America, in which ‘representatives of the upper class are engaged in acts of egotism, self-aggrandizement, and heartlessness.’ In these texts, the American Dream is different for each characte r as it varies from having money to being a perfect wife or mother. Underneath the concept of the American dream lays America’s reality of a harsh world which proves that not many can have the American Dream but rather their dreams will turn into their nightmare as they live in a country based on Darwin’s idea of ‘Survival of the fittest’. 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The Jazz Age was known as the Roaring Twenties, and is still popular today due to its infamous jazz music, flappers, and prohibitionRead MoreNative American Cherokee Tribe : Native Americans916 Words   |  4 PagesNative American Cherokee Tribe Native Americans have been around for centuries. They were some of the first people to ever come to America. Native American’s have different tribes, cultures, and ethnic groups. Native American’s fought hard to protect their land and people. One of the largest, and culturally advanced tribes are the Cherokees. The Cherokees have unique traditions, customs, and heritage. Cherokees lived in southern regions such as Georgia, Virginia, and Tennessee. In the 1800sRead MoreThe Invention Of Tradition By Eric Hobsbawm And Terence Ranger1220 Words   |  5 Pagesof Tradition by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger delves into this avoided facet of history – how traditions become what they are to society. 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He was also very involved in the Black Arts Movement, and had works published in â€Å"The Crisis† theRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Cuban Revolution1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Revolution brought a great deal of attention to Latin America. Mass media now allowed the world to be connected and aware of what was happening across the globe. Images of the photogenic Castro were shown on the televisions of those throughout the world. The Revolution greatly influenced artists of the time period and provided a great inspiration for their works. It was one of the main reasons that Latin American literature of the time was becoming increasingly more prominent. Artists portrayedRead MoreAssimilation Of The United States Constitution Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has the United States Constitution as i ts map of operation. This Constitution’s Preamble states that â€Å"†¦in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, and insure domestic tranquility†¦promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosperity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If this statement is true, there would be no need to research whether assimilation or separatism would be ideal for minorities to enjoy domestic tranquility and/ or liberty. As a minority, we would notRead MoreJazz Music Of The Time1559 Words   |  7 Pageswhere African American musicians sought fame and fortune. Many influential artists took to the stage in clubs such as the Cotton club. Notorious gangster Owney Madden took over as the owner, where he used the club’s popularity as a platform to sell his alcohol in the face of prohibition. It came to be known as a hub for alcohol, drugs, marijuana, and interracial sex. Despite being a white-only establishment, this Harlem nightclub lent itself to some of the greatest African American performers ofRead MoreTed Kooser: Great Poet of the Great Plains789 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jefferson, one of the greatest men in American history, described his vision for the United States of America as a land of agrarian people. However, now, over two centuries later, the US faces a very different reality dominated by the growth of the urban metropolis, by industry, by the stoic bankers of Wall Street. Despite this, the poetry of Ted Kooser immortalizes a quickly vanishing lifestyle of rustic America on the vast expanses of the Great Plains. Kooser was born in a small Iowa town

Influential Philosophers s Influence On The Founding Fathers

Prompt 1. Identify and describe 4 influential philosophers whose ideas influenced the Founding Fathers in setting up the structure†¦ Democracy did not occur in a matter of seconds, it took years of evolution to become what it is today. The thought of a self-government during a world ruled by monarchs would have you locked up in a mental hospital. As you can figure, democracy did not just come out of the nowhere, it had to be planned out and modified over the years. The earliest contributions and influences of The American Government came from philosophers, some of them are the part of our founding fathers and others influenced them to develop the strong nation we are today. One of the first philosophers was Thomas Hobbes (1500’s), who published â€Å"Leviathan†, key points in the book included; people aren’t capable of ruling themselves, primarily because humans by instinct are selfish and need the strength of a strong leader to keep things running smoothly and in control. He also â€Å"argued on how that government was necessary to prevent people living in an anarchic â€Å"state of nature† in which it would be â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short†... Hobbes leaned over to a more monarch institution due to the fact he believed that people must obey the king/queen, and in exchange the king/queen must provide protection. Even though Hobbes did not truly support a democratic system over monarchy, he still believed there must be a head of power and a type of government. The publishing of â€Å"Leviathan†,Show MoreRelatedSoren Kierkegaard Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pageswell as influencing many people himself. With works that ranged from religious views all the way to developing a â€Å"new† way to view our surroundings, Kierkegaard was a very well-rounded and mentally profound man. There were few people that could influence such a profound mind at the time, but Kierkegaard found them both in church as well as in th e realm of philosophy. As a whole Kierkegaard lead a rather boring life and was rarely seen away from his hometown of Copenhagen, Denmark. â€Å"[Kierkegaard]Read MoreEffects Of The Enlightenment On Modern America1592 Words   |  7 Pagesand to become something better. None of this would have been possible if The Enlightenment had not paved the way. The Enlightenment fueled formation of America and continued influencing the evolution of America in to what it is today. During the 1500’s a movement away from traditional Catholicism started to take hold. The most notable figure during this time was Martin Luther. He had ideals that, at the time, were extremely radical. As Gerald Strauss put it, â€Å"His doctrine of the two realms- the kingdomRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreJohn Locke And Natural Rights1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 18th century in England, many new thoughts and ide als were appearing. During this time, famously known as the Enlightenment, philosophers thought of ways to better governments in the world. There were six main ideals that arose from this time period: progress, reason, natural rights, separation of powers, the social contract and laissez-faire. These ideals shaped many governments throughout the world. The most significant ideal is natural rights. The idea of natural rights influenced manyRead MoreEssay On Common Sense By Thomas Paine1541 Words   |  7 PagesSofia Pani Professor Smith History 107 24 March 2017 Common sense by Thomas Paine Thomas Paine, born february 9, 1737 was an english-american activist, philosopher, political theorist, and a revolutionary. He was one of the founding fathers of the united states. He is best known for one of his most influential pamphlets titled â€Å"Common Sense†. Through common sense, he inspired rebels in 1776 to declare independence from Britain during the enlightenment era.   Ã‚  Ã‚   During the American Revolution manyRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Writers of Antiquity on Modern Times613 Words   |  3 Pagesin many modern policies. Cruel birth control practices, like those of Indira Gandhi in the 1970’s and those of China much more recently, are one excellent example of Machiavellian divorce from morality, and brutality towards a nation’s subjects. 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The idea and concepts of race were merely theories developed by European and American intellects, which included men whom held occupations in medicine, science, zoology, and psychology. A man by the name of Arthur de Gobineau was said to be the founding father of racism. He accumulated a set of theories which he explains andRead MorePythagoras s Influence On The Founding Of Calculus1707 Words   |  7 PagesPythagoras was the first person to really influence the founding of Calculus. He was an Ionian greek philosopher, mathematician, and has been credited as the founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism. Keep in mind he was born in 570 BC and died in 495 BC, so yeah, he’s kind of old. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and traveled the world, visiting Egypt

Marine Biology Essay Example For Students

Marine Biology Essay A major source of coastal pollutants, human sewage fouls bays and beaches withboth toxic and nontoxic pollutants. Although billions of dollars have beeninvested in sewage treatment plants to treat wastewater, new and growing coastalcommunities have increased the amount of discharge into oceans and estuaries. The United States Office of Technology Assessment has identified thirteenhundred major industries and six hundred municipal wastewater treatment plantsthat discharge into coastal waters of the United States. Many toxic substancesenter the sea through the sewer systems, but others originate as industrialdischarges. For many toxic substances, we do not yet know how to determine theirextent or fate in the marine environment or to evaluate their effects on marinelife. Some of the better-known trace metals and toxic chemicals include mercury,copper, lead, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, syntheticchlorine-containing compounds, are created for use as pesticides or areby-products of the manufacture of plastics. Oil is a very dangerous thing whenit comes to oil spills into the ocean. These catastrophic oil spills engender aconcern for the marine environment as no invisible containment can. Spilled oilfloats on seawater and provides a constant reminder of its presence u ntil it iswashed ashore, sinks, or evaporates. Large volumes of oil suffocate benthicorganisms by clogging their gills and filtering structures or fouling theirdigestive tracts. Marine birds and mammals suffer heavily as their feathers orfur become oil soaked and matter, and they lose insulation and buoyancy. Untilrecently, marine debris was considered to be of minor importance when comparedto other pollutants. Problems caused by marine debris, however may rival orexceed those resulting from some better known pollutants, including oil. Bydefinition, marine debris is any manufactured object discarded in the marineenvironment. When dumped, it may sink to the sea floor, remain suspended atmid-depths, or float at the surface and eventually be carried ashore by windsand waves. Plastics constitute as great an environmental threat as all the otherkinds of debris, combined. Although plastics may break up into smaller pieces,they degrade much more slowly than most other kinds of debris, and most plasticsfloat. Concentrations of plastics tend to be highest in the Northern Hemisphere,where vessel traffic is the heaviest, where most plastics manufacturers andfabricators are located, and where more intensive recreational use is made ofbeaches and coastal waters. Hopefully, as we approach the twenty-first century,we can learn to leave some old and wasteful habits behind. It will not be easyor simple, but each one of us must develop a sense of stewardship toward theworld ocean and its resources that is reflected in our personal as well as ourpolitical decisions. 2.The adult fern plant in its dominate generation (sporophyte)develops sporangium on one side of its leaf. When meiosis is finished insidethe sporangia and the spores are completed the annulus dries out releasing thespores. The spore germinates and grows into a prothallus which is thegametophyte generation. The antheridia and the archegonia are developed on thebottom of the prothallus. The archegonia are at the notch of the prothallus andthe antheridia are located near the tip. Fertilization occurs when outsidemoisture is present and the sperm from the antheridia swim to the eggs of thearchegonia. A zygote is formed on the prothallus and a new sporophyte grows. 4. Flowering plants have unique characteristics that help them survive. One is the flower itself that contains the reproductive structures. The colorof the flower helps because it may attract birds and insects that spread theplants pollen which diversify the later generation of plants. Flowers alsoproduce fruits that protect their seeds and disperses them with the help offruit eating animals. 5. Fungi, Animalia, and, Plantae are all believed to be evolved fromProtista. All 3 of these kingdoms are eukaryotic and their cells have a nucleusand all the other organelles. Fungi live on organic material they digest,Plants produce their own organic material, and Animals go out and find theirfood. Animalia are heterotrophic whereas Plantae are photosynthetic. Fungi whodigest their own food on the outside are different from animals who digest theirfood on the inside. Plants and animals both have organs systems but animalshave organized muscle fibers and plants do not. 8. The Gasreopoda , Pelecypoda, and the Cephalapoda all have three ofthe same characteristics. The first one is the visceral mass that includesinternal organs like a highly specialized digestive tract, paired kidneys, andreproductive organs. The mantle is the second one. It is a covering thatdoesnt completely cover the visceral mass. The last one is the foot that canbe used for movement, attachment, food capture, or a combination of these. TheGastropods are the snails and slugs. They use their foot for crawling and theirmantle (shell) to protect their visceral mass. The class Pelecypoda consists ofclams, oysters, scallops, and mussels. These animals have two shells that arehinged together by a strong muscle and these shells protect the visceral mass. They use their foot for making threads so they can attach to things. Cephalopodsconsist of octopuses, squids, and nautiluses. These guys use their mantlecavity to squeeze water out and causes locomotion. The foot has evolved intotentacles around the head that are used to catch prey. Nautiluses have anexternal shells, squids have smaller but internal shell and octopuses lackshells entirely. .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .postImageUrl , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:hover , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:visited , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:active { border:0!important; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:active , .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6 .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucbf1b792f3cdbdbe3190c514d53cc8c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: U.S. Governmentt: Federalists Vs. Anti-Federalists Essay9. The word Arthropod means jointed foot which come to some of thefeatures of an arthropod that are the jointed appendages, compound eyes, anexoskeleton, and a brain with a ventral solid nerve cord. The class Crustaceahas compound eyes and five pairs of appendages two of which are sensory antenni. Some examples are shrimp, cray, lobsters, and crabs. Insecta has 900,000species in its class. For example in a grasshopper they have compound eyes withfive pair of appendages, three that are legs, one of which is for hopping, andtwo pairs of wings. Spiders that belong to the class Arachnidia have six pairof appendages. The first pair of appendage are modified fangs and the secondpair are used for chewing. The other four are walking legs ending in claws. Spiders dont have compound eyes, instead, they have simple eyes. More examplesare scorpions, ticks, mites, and chiggers. To similar classes are Diplopoda andChilopoda because they are segmented in the same way and each segment has a pairof walking legs but in the Diplopoda some segments fuse together and seem tohave two pair of legs to one segment. 10.The Phylum Chordata contains creatures that would have bilateral symmetry,well developed coelom, and segmentation. In order to be placed in this phylumthey must have had a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a dorsal supporting rod called anotochord, and gill slits or pharyngeal pouches sometime in their life history. In the subphylum Urochordata the only one of the three traits they carry on intoadulthood is the gill slits. In their tadpole form of their life they containedall three of these characteristics. Subphylum Cephalochordata retain all threequalifications into adult form and have segmented bodies. In subphylumVertebrata it has all three traits as usual but its notochord is replaced by avertebral column. 11. In these fish the sac-like lungs were placed at the end of thefishes digestive tract. In their case when the oxygen level in the water theywere in was low they could still collect oxygen by breathing. After time thesesac-like lungs became swim bladders that control the up and down motion of afish. 12. The reptiles most helpful advancement in reproduction that helpedthem live on land was the use of internal fertilization and the ability to layeggs that are protected by shells. The shells got rid of the swimming larvastage and the eggs did everything inside of the shell.The eggs hasextraembryonic membranes that protect the embryo , get rid of wastes, and givethe embryo oxygen, food, and water. Inside the shell there is a membrane calledthe amnion and is filled with fluid and is used as a pond where the embryodevelops and keeps the embryo from drying out. 13. The three subclasses of mammalia all have hair and mammary glandsthat produce milk. Each of these classes also have well developed sense organs,limbs for movement, and an enlarged brain. In the subclass Prototheria theanimals lay their eggs in a burrow and incubate. When the young hatch theyreceive milk by licking it off the modified sweat glands that are seeping milk. Subclass Metatheria the young begin developing inside the female but are born ata very immature age. The newborn crawl into their mothers pouch and beginnursing. While they are nursing they continue to develop. With the subclassEutheria the organisms contain a placenta that exchanges maternal blood withfetal blood. The young develops inside the mothers uterus and exchangesnutrients and wastes until it is read to be born. Category: Technology

Organic Lab 7 free essay sample

The reaction occurs through a nucleophilic substitution, which is when a nucleophile replaces the leaving group in the substrate. In this lab, the hydroxyl group of t-butyl alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom. The reaction proceeds through an SN1 mechanism (Weldegirma 38-41). â€Å"A nucleophile is any neutral or uncharged molecule with an unshared pair of electrons. In the substitution reaction, the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the substrate, leading to the formation of a new bond to the nucleophile, while breaking the existing bond to the leaving group† (Solomons and Fryhle 99-102). The two types of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2, are identified based on whether the different steps occur simultaneously (SN1) or in two separate steps (SN2). To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Also, the nature of the solvent can affect which substitution reaction will occur. Polar protic solvents typically favor SN1 reactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Lab 7 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is because the SN1 mechanism is carried out in two steps and the polar protic solvent produces both a cation and an anion which are capable of stabilizing the charges on the ions formed during the reaction. Because an SN2 reaction occurs in one step, this is unfavorable; however, the SN2 reactions tend to favor polar aprotic solvents. Another factor affecting the type of substitution reaction is the nature of the leaving group. Since the SN1 reactions occur in one step, they generally require an excellent leaving group and won’t typically run with a poor leaving group. The SN2 reaction also favors excellent leaving groups but can run with any type of leaving group because it is run in two different steps. To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Weldegirma 38-41). Mechanism of the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Possible side reaction during the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Experimental Section/Flow Chart: Part 1: 60mL separatory funnel + cooled 15mL of concentrated HCl to 0? C + added 15mL of HCl to separatory funnel + added 5mL tert-butyl alcohol +swirled it without the stopper for 20 minutes + let stand until two distinct layers were formed + drained lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and saved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel +added 30mL of DI water + swirled for a few minutes let stand until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and saved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory Funnel + added 15mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate + shook with stopper with venting + let stand for a few minutes until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel + added 15mL of water + swirled for a couple minutes + let stand until two distinct layers have formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer transferred product layer into clean/dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask + added 1. 5 grams of anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the product +decanted into round bottom flask + added 6 boiling stones + ran through a simple distillation Tert-Butyl Chloride Part 2- T est tube #1- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Test Tube #2- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shook while holding top of test tube with finger recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube # 3- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube #4- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Table of Chemicals: Table of Chemicals 1: Table of Chemicals 1: Chemical Name-| Physical Properties- | Chemical Properties- | Tert-Butyl Alcohol-| M. P. -25-26 ? CB. P. 82-83? CMolecular Weight- 74. 2 g/molWater Solubility- miscible| Combustible- noFlammable- yes| Hydrochloric Acid-| M. P. -114 ? CB. P. -85. 05? CMolecular Weight-36. 4 g/mol| Combustible- yesFlammable- no| Sodium bicarbonate-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. 50? CB. P. 851? CMolecular Weight- 84 g/molWater Solubility- 9 g/ 100mL| Combustible- noFlammable-no| Table of Chemicals 2: Table of Chemicals 2: Tert-butyl chloride-| M. P. -26? CB. P. 51? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- sparingly| Combustible- noFlammable-yes| Anhydrous calcium chloride- | M. P. 772? CB. P. 1935? CMolecular Weight- 110. 98 g/molWater Solubility- 74. 5 g/ 100mL| Combustible- yes/ slightlyFlammable- no| Silver nitrate-| M. P. 212? CB. P. 444? CMolecular Weight- 169. 87 g/molWater Solubility- 122 g/100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Sodium iodide-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. 661? CB. P. 1304? CMolecular Weight- 149. 89 g/molWater Solubility- 178. 8 g / 100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Table of Chemicals 3: Table of Chemicals 3: 1-chlorobutane- (Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. -123? CB. P. 78? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- . g/L| Combustible- YesFlammable-Yes| Results: Percent Yield- t-butyl alcohol: Density = Mass/Volume : M= . 842 x 5 = 4. 21 grams Mass/ M. W. = # moles : 4. 21 g / 74. 12 g/mol = . 0568 moles of t-butyl alcohol t-butyl chloride: Density = Mass / Volume : M= . 397 x 2 = . 794 grams mass / M. W. = # moles: . 794 g / 92. 57 g/mol = . 00858 moles of t-butyl chloride Because of a 1:1 ratio then you can use actual / theoretical x 100 . 00 858 moles / . 0568 moles x 100 = 15. 105 % Results Table 1: Results Table 1: | Color| Precipitate appearance| Time of precipitate| After warm water (50? C) bath| Positive or Negative Result| Test Tube # 1- T-butyl chloride amp; NaI| Clear/ faint tint of yellow| No precipitate| Over 6 minutes and still no precipitate| Nothing occurred after 6 minutes in the steam bath| Negative Result| Test Tube # 2- T-butyl chloride amp; AgNO3| Cloudy and white| Yes, small solid particles| . 8 seconds| N/A| Positive Result| Test Tube # 3- t-chloro butane amp; NaI| Slightly cloudy with initial drop but quickly turned clear| No precipitate after 6 minutes| 6 minutes RT, for steam bath 4 minutes 58 seconds| Yellow solution as well as white precipitate on bottom formed. Positive Result| Test Tube #4- t-chloro butane amp; AgNO3| Clear colorless liquid| No precipitate| 6 minutes RT, 6 minutes steam bath| No precipitate| Negative Result| Discussion: Throughout this lab, the main goal was to properly create a t-butyl chloride. In order to test if we properly received our product we tested the sample with two different solvents, a solvent of sodium iodide and silver nitrate. If an alkyl halide is a tertiary one, it can easily react with a solvent of silver nitrate to generate a relatively stable tertiary carbocation through an SN1 reaction. If an alkyl halide is a primary one, it can then react with iodide ions in the sodium iodide solvent by an SN2 mechanism showing a precipitate of insoluble sodium chloride. Heat can also be used in this process to speed up the reaction (Weldegirma 38-41). The first test we ran was t-butyl chloride and sodium iodine. After mixing the two compounds, there was only a slight tint to the liquid but remained clear and precipitate free for 6 minutes of being room temperature. We then placed it in a warm water in which there was no precipitate that formed while being heated. This test yielded a negative result. The second test that we ran was t-butyl chloride and silver nitrate. Directly after mixing the compounds, there was an immediate white precipitate that had formed. This test yielded a positive result. A negative result with sodium iodide and a positive result of silver nitrate concluded that our solution of t-butyl chloride was a pure tertiary alkyl halide. Our third test was run with t-chloro butane and sodium iodide. This test initially did not form a precipitate while it was kept at room temperature. We then used a warm water bath in which after 5 minutes the solution formed a white precipitate and a yellow liquid. This shows that this test was a positive test. The fourth test was with t-chloro butane and silver nitrate. This test did not form a precipitate at room temperature or during the steam bath. This shows a negative result. With the t-chloro butane, the negative result with silver nitrate and the positive result of sodium iodide prove that this is indeed a primary alkyl halide. Conclusion: In this lab, we properly carried out an SN1 reaction from t-butyl alcohol to t-butyl chloride and found that we did in fact create a t-butyl chloride by getting a positive result from our silver nitrate test in the end. Although we weren’t able to visibly see with our eye the nucleophilic attack, the steps that we carried out in the lab showed the separated layers and that there were reactions going on during each step. The organic layer that was continuously washed was undergoing the slow reaction process during each separating stage. In the end, after the distillation of the solution, the SN1 reaction was completely carried out. The information from this data has revealed that it is possible to carry out an SN1 reaction in a lab; however, in the process of washing the product there will be a lot of material lost giving a low percent yield in the end. It would be smart to use chemicals that are inexpensive and in large quantities to carry out these types of reactions. The information and techniques performed in this lab could be applied to other situations in an industrial setting. One example of this could be creating chlorofluorocarbons which used to be produced for aerosol cans and other products. Although these are no longer widely used in the world due to ozone effect, the SN1 reaction could be done with these chemicals. Overall, the lab accomplished what it was set out to do. References: Chemical Book. 2008. lt;http://www. chemicalbook. com/ProductIndex_EN. aspamp;xgt;. Solomons, T. W. Graham, and Craig Fryhle. Organic Chemistry. 10th. 1. New Jersey: John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc. , 2011. 99-102. Print. Weldegirma, Solomon. Experimental Organic Chemistry. Mason: Cengage Learning, 2012. 38-41. Print.